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The Permanent Campaign is a theory of political science conceived by Patrick Caddell, then a young pollster for U.S. President Jimmy Carter, who wrote a memo on December 10, 1976 entitled "Initial Working Paper on Political Strategy". "Essentially," Caddell wrote, "it is my thesis governing with public approval requires a continuing political campaign." 〔Joe Klein, (The Perils of the Permanent Campaign ). ''Time Magazine'', October 5, 2005.〕 In the case of Bill Clinton, sometimes referred to as the "permanent election".〔(The Permanent Election ). ''The American Prospect''. August 27, 2003.〕 The phrase "the permanent campaign," its concept and history, were first defined by journalist and later Clinton presidential senior adviser Sidney Blumenthal in his 1980 book, ''The Permanent Campaign''.〔(The Permanent Campaign ) First edition 1980. Beacon Press. ISBN 0807032085 Second edition 1982. Touchstone Book. ISBN 0671453416 〕 In it, he explained how the changes in American politics from old-style patronage and party organization to that based on the modern technology of computer driven polling and media created a fundamentally new system. He explained that political consultants had replaced the party bosses and brought with them a new model by which campaigning became the forms of governing. Blumenthal's work resolved the problem in political science of "critical realignment." According to Walter Dean Burnham, the leading political scientist of realignment theory, Strategies of this nature have been in active development and use since Lyndon Johnson, where priority is given to short term tactical gain over long term vision. The frenzied, headline grabbing atmosphere of presidential campaigns is carried over into the office itself, thus creating a permanent campaign that limits the ability of policies to deviate from the perceived will of the people (hence, intensive polling). A famous example that illustrates just how strongly this mind-set has come to influence politics was during the Clinton Administration when pollster Dick Morris asked voters to help decide where Bill Clinton would go on vacation. In the words of columnist Joe Klein, "The pressure to 'win' the daily news cycle—to control the news—has overwhelmed the more reflective, statesmanlike aspects of the office." Scott McClellan, former White House Press Secretary for U.S. President George W. Bush, wrote in his 2008 memoir ''What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's Culture of Deception''〔McClellan, Scott. (2008) ''What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's Culture of Deception''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-556-3〕 that the Bush White House suffered from a "permanent campaign" mentality, and that policy decisions were inextricably interwoven with politics. == See also == * Political campaign 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Permanent campaign」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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